邢唷>? CE?B欹3 餜蜦bjbjKK2R)w)w?lF$ $T t B;;mmmmmmm 衇?j0 'F mReading Comprehension: The following is a group of passages for you to know about the two main English-speaking courtiers. (A) American Customs and Habits: US Customs and HabitsMeeting someone When meeting someone for the first time, it is customary to shake hands, both for men and for women. Hugs are only exchanged between close friends. Kissing is not common, and men never kiss other men.Americans will usually introduce themselves by their first name and last name (such as 揌ello, I抦 John Smith?, or, if the setting is very casual, by their first name only (揌i, I抦 John?. The common response when someone is introduced to you is 揚leased to meet you. Unless someone is introduced to you with their title and last name (such as Mister Smith or Miss Johnson), you should address them by their first name. Americans normally address everyone they meet in a social or business setting by their first name. However, you should always address your college professors by their title and last name (such as Professor Jones), unless they ask you to do otherwise. Speaking on the telephone Americans normally answer the telephone by simply saying 揌ello. If you are calling a business, the person answering the phone will give the name of the business and usually their own name as well. If the person you would like to speak to has answered the phone, you should say hello and state your name. If not, you should ask for that person politely: 揗ay I please speak with Andrew Brown? The majority of Americans have answering machines in their homes. Also, the majority of businesses have voice mail accounts for their employees. When leaving a message, state your name clearly and leave a telephone number where you can be reached. Telephone messages should be brief and to the point. Eating out All restaurants in America accept cash for payment, and most (even some fast food restaurants) also accept credit cards. A few restaurants also accept ATM cards for payment. You will rarely find a restaurant that accepts checks. It is common to have to wait for a table at a popular restaurant. There are many popular restaurants that do not accept reservations, or will only accept reservations for large parties (for example, six or more people). At these restaurants, the wait can be very long on a weekend night, sometimes up to 1 hour. However, almost all upscale, or more formal, restaurants will accept reservations. Many restaurants in America (except for fast food restaurants) have a license to serve alcohol. Beer and wine are always available, and at some restaurants hard liquor (such as vodka or whisky) is also available. Restaurants that serve hard liquor are said to have 揳 full bar. The drinking age in America is 21. If you look young, be prepared to show proof of your age when ordering alcohol.Tipping There are only a few situations where tipping is expected. The one you will encounter most often is at restaurants. American restaurants do not add a service charge to the bill. Therefore it is expected that the customer will leave a tip for the server. Common practice is to leave a tip that is equal to 15% of the total bill for acceptable service, and about 20% for superior service. If the service was unusually poor, then you could leave a smaller tip, about 10%. Other professions where tipping is expected include hairdressers, taxi drivers, hotel porters, parking valets, and bartenders. The general rule is to tip approximately 15% of the bill. In situations where there is no bill (as with hotel porters and parking valets), the tip may range from $1 to $5, depending on the type of establishment and on how good the service was. Smoking Smoking is not as common in America as in many other countries. Generally, Americans smoke less than Europeans and much less than Asians. It is a practice that is becoming less and less socially acceptable. Smoking is prohibited in many places. It is not allowed in any public buildings, on any public transportation (including airplane flights within the United States), in shops, movie theaters, schools, and office buildings. The general rule is if you are indoors, then you probably are not allowed to smoke. The exceptions are bars, nightclubs, and some restaurants. If a restaurant does allow smoking, it will only be in an area that is designated for smokers. If you are with someone, even outdoors, it is polite to ask if they mind before you start smoking. The legal smoking age in America is 18. If you are buying cigarettes (or another tobacco product) and you look young, the store clerk is required by law to ask you for proof of legal age. You should be prepared to provide identification. (B) Cultural Hints Greetings: Americans are very friendly. They tend to greet each other with a smile, sometimes a handshake, and a friendly "Hello, how are you?" (which is not a question about your health) or "What's up?" Such a greeting is very common, and does not always require an answer. If an American friend greets you with "Hi, what's going on?" and walks away, do not feel offended, it is a popular way of greeting. Also, the common phrase "See you later" is not an invitation for a visit, but a way to say "Good bye." Americans are also very informal, and address each other by their first names from the time they meet, even with elders and people of authority. Do not feel uncomfortable when someone asks you to use his/her first name, it is customary. If you are in doubt about how to address someone, you should first use the formal name and wait for them to suggest that you use the first name. Gifts: As a rule, gifts are given to relatives and close friends. They are sometimes given to people with whom one has a casual but friendly relationship, such as a host or hostess, but it is not necessary or even common for gifts to be given to such people. Gifts are not usually given to teachers or others who hold official positions. The offering of gifts in these situations is sometimes interpreted as a possibly improper effort to gain favorable treatment from that person. Body Language: Keep in mind that unspoken signals by others may not mean what you think. Various gestures are automatic and vary from culture to culture. For example, burping after a meal in America is something that one needs to excuse himself/herself for doing. While in other countries, burping may be seen as a complement to the cook. If a person's words and gestures do not seem to match, it would be wise to ask the individual. Dress: Casual dress is appropriate for the classroom. Students will, however, dress more formally for certain class presentations. Casual dress is also appropriate for visits in people's homes, shopping or movie theatres. You might dress more formally for a special dinner or a special event at the University. Personal Hygiene: To most Americans, personal hygiene is very important. They shower and wash their hair daily, and wear freshly cleaned clothes each day. Natural body odors are considered unpleasant and offensive, so deodorants, colognes and other toiletries are used often. Time: Americans are very time conscious and place high value on promptness. Busses, trains, meetings and classes generally start on time. If you are going to be more than five or 10 minutes late for a meeting or an appointment, you should telephone to let the other party know you will be late. (C) The United States: Fliers may want to have their tickets in hand before catching their planes, but the airline companies are doing everything they can to bring forward cost-saving ticketless flight- no paper needed, just a ticket number and a photo ID(&^gqGr剉珟齆翄). Anyone who buys a Northwest E-ticket through the airline's computer service by June 16 will get an award(VY盧). Next time you fly, you can buy another ticket for a friend for $99, good anywhere in the US or Canada through Feb. 12, 2000, along with the lowest ticket prices. Some airlines offer extra frequent-flier miles for the ticketless crowd. And there are rising punishments for paper lovers. American, Northwest, United, and last week  US Airways have raised the cost for lost-ticket replacement(fbc)to $70 from either $60 or $50 . The airlines insist that the increase in price is not meant to push travelers toward E-tickets but only covers the increasing cost of replacing and tracking a missing ticket. (D) The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel(wm醆), 10 to 30 miles off the French coast, and 70 to 90 miles from the English coast. There are ten islands with a total land area of 75 square miles and a total population of 123,000. The three largest islands, Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney, have long been known for the fine breeds(罷蛓)of cattle that are raised on them and named after them. 00In earliest known history the islands were considered part of Normandy, which was part of France, but the ruler of Normandy became king of England in 1066, and from then on the islands were looked upon as British land. English control was unbroken until World War II, when the Germans held the islands for five years. 00Although people on the islands speak both languages and they are considered English, their customs are more French than English. (E) The Great Fire of London started in the very early hours of 2 September 1666. In four days it destroyed more than three-quarters of the old city, where most of the houses were wooden and close together. One hundred thousand people became homeless, but only a few lost their lives. 00The fire started on Sunday morning in the house of the King's baker(bS^)in Pudding Lane. The baker, with his wife and family, was able to get out through a window in the roof. A strong wind blew the fire from the bakery(bS?b)into a small hotel next door. Then it spread quickly into Thames Street. That was the beginning. 00By eight o'clock three hundred houses were on fire. On Monday nearly a kilometer of the city was burning along the River Thames. Tuesday was the worst day. The fire destroyed many well-known buildings, old St Paul's and the Guildhall among them. 00Samuel Pepys, the famous writer, wrote about the fire. People threw their things into the river. Many poor people stayed in their houses until the last moment. Birds fell out of the air because of the heat. 00The fire stopped only when the King finally ordered people to destroy hundreds of buildings in the path of the fire. With nothing left to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out. 00After the fire,Christopher Wren,the architect(鷁Q{^), wanted a city with wider streets and fine new houses of stone. In fact, the streets are still narrow; but he did build more than fifty churches, among them new St Paul's. 00The fire caused great pain and loss, but after it London was a better place: a city for the future and not just of the past. (F) Michael, a typicalxQ媁剉 American, stays home on workdays. He plugs into his personal computer terminal in order to connect with the office. After work, he puts on his headphones, watches a movie on his home video recorder, or plays baseball on the computer. On many days, Michael doesn抰 talk to any other human beings, and he doesn抰 see any people except the ones on television. Michael is imaginary, but his lifestyle is very possible .The inventions of modern technology seem to be cutting us off from contact with our fellow human beings. 牋牋 The world of business is one area in which technology is isolating us. Experts say, for example, that many people will soon be able to work at home. With access to a large central computer, employees such as office clerks, insurance agents, and accountants could do their jobs at display terminals in their own homes. They would never have to actually see the people they抮e dealing with .In addition ,the way employees are paid will change .Workers抯alaries will be automatically paid into their bank accounts (&?b),making paper checks (/ehy)unnecessary. No workers will stand in line to receive their pay or cash their checks. Personal banking will change, too. Customers will deal with machines to put in or take out money from their accounts. 牋牋 Another area that technology is changing is entertainment. Music, for instance, was once a group experience. People listened to music at concert halls or in small social gatherings .For many people now, however music is an individual experience. Walking along the street or sitting in their living rooms, they wear headphones to build a wall of music around them. Movie entertainment is changing, too. Movies used to be social events. Now, fewer people are going out to see a movie. Many more are choosing to wait for a film to appear on television or are borrowing videotapes to watch at home. Instead of laughing with others, viewers watch movies in their own living rooms.pyGa ' $,wo#  %!&!>!皲裨淠腐腐腐腐腐灇挰唥唥唥唥唥唥唥riB*CJo(phDDDB*CJKHo(phB*CJKHph5丅*CJKH\乸h5丆JKH\CJo(5丆J aJ o( 5丆J aJ CJB*OJQJph5丅*OJQJ\乸h5丅*CJOJQJ\乤Jph5丅*CJ OJQJaJ o(phB*CJOJQJaJphB*CJOJQJaJo(ph&{Gb  (  $-w€P€o$1$[$\$a$凕 WD`凕 劋WD`劋蜦&!D!"($(L/?<P<蜦勦WD`勦$剤1$VD?WD?[$\$`剤a$$1$[$\$a$ >!D!€"?f#j#&&|&€& ("(^(f(h(???<F<P<>>D>E>G>n>s>t>u>籃緻繞翤AAAB虵蜦箴腽腽腽腽甾笥丝邓绥痃绥痃绥痃绥痃衰CJ KHaJ o(5丆JKHo(5丆J KHaJ o(5丆J OJQJaJ o(CJOJQJo(5丅*CJ aJ phDDDB*CJo(phDDDCJo(CJQJCJ5丅*CJ aJ o(phDDD&01?2P皞. 捌A!"#悹$悹%癝班 惄 iB@?B ck噀 $1$a$ CJKH_HaJmH nHsH tHA@? 貫祂=刉[SOP^@P nf (Web)$1$[$\$a$CJKHOJQJ^J?Ro&D!!??+(+?0€€0€€0€€€€0€€0€€0€€0€€0€€0€€0€€0€€0€€€€€€€€€€€€>!蜦$(蜦%'蜦&?@€€€饞??  養 S  ?Cultural_Hints??@G  > @ ??s"{"??%&(&????????;+?+//L/N/e/g/???:?!RU05??//?333333ss{o&D??+'+?sy.C:\Documents and Settings\sy\Lhb梊癳鷁噀鯪9Y\諎槝\2.docsy1C:\Documents and Settings\sy\Lhb梊癳鷁噀鯪9Y\諎槝\桘t銐.docsy1C:\Documents and Settings\sy\Lhb梊癳鷁噀鯪9Y\諎槝\桘t銐.docsy1C:\Documents and Settings\sy\Lhb梊癳鷁噀鯪9Y\諎槝\桘t銐.doc@€??(笥?? !#$+,/0?@@@"@H@@&@(@X@@.@<@|@@B@@UnknownG噝 €Times New Roman5€Symbol3& 噝 €ArialSseoulTimes New Roman;媅SOSimSun qh?籉溁&[?YH+\!-!),.:;?]}    & 6"0000 0 000000  =@\]^?([{  0 0 00000;[??個2€3?2僎HX _硞T Netboysy?鄥燆鵒h珣+'迟0X   ,8@HPss张芳向 Netboyo欧 Normal.dotosym21mMicrosoft Word 9.0@@?~ @N??[??胀諟.摋+,0 hp  芳向电脑工作室Y€3  题目  !"#$%&'()?+,-./01?3456789?;<=>?@A??D???Root Entry F坝 ?F€1Table*WordDocument2RSummaryInformation(2DocumentSummaryInformation8:CompObjfObjectPool坝 ?坝 ???  FMicrosoft Word 文档 MSWordDocWord.Document.8?瞦